Scoliosis In Adults And Children: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

Scoliosis is not simply a poor posture problem but a structural issue where the spine curves sideways. The degree of curvature is measured in Cobb angles, and the condition is diagnosed when the curve exceeds 10 degrees. While mild cases may not cause significant problems, severe scoliosis can lead to complications like chronic pain, respiratory issues, or reduced mobility.

Symptoms Of Scoliosis

In Children:

• Uneven shoulders or waist.
• One shoulder blade sticking out more than the other.
• Uneven hips or legs.
• Noticeable curvature of the spine when bending forward.

In Adults:

• Chronic back pain or stiffness.
• Visible spinal deformity.
• Difficulty standing upright or walking.
• Uneven posture.
• Fatigue due to strain on back muscles.

Severe cases in both children and adults may lead to:

• Breathing difficulties if the curvature compresses the lungs.
• Cardiovascular issues if the spine curvature affects the heart's position.

Causes Of Scoliosis

1. Idiopathic Scoliosis
This is the most common type, especially in children and adolescents, with no identifiable cause. Idiopathic scoliosis accounts for 80% of all cases.

2. Congenital Scoliosis
This occurs due to abnormal vertebral development in the womb, leading to spine deformities present at birth.

3. Neuromuscular Scoliosis
This type is associated with conditions that affect the nerves and muscles, such as:

• Cerebral palsy
• Muscular dystrophy
• Spina bifida

4. Degenerative Scoliosis

Common in adults, it results from age-related wear and tear, particularly in the spine's discs and joints.

5. Secondary Causes

Scoliosis can also develop as a result of trauma, infections, or tumors that impact spinal alignment.

How Is Scoliosis Diagnosed?

Physical Examination:

Doctors may perform the "Adam’s forward bend test," where the patient leans forward to reveal any curvature.

Imaging Tests:

1. X-rays: Determine the degree of spinal curvature.
2. MRI or CT Scans: Used to assess underlying causes or complications.
3. Bone Density Tests: Recommended for adults to rule out osteoporosis-related changes.

Treatment Options For Scoliosis

The treatment plan depends on factors like the degree of curvature, the patient’s age, and the presence of symptoms.

1. Observation

• Mild cases, particularly in children, may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn’t worsen.

2. Bracing

• For Children: Braces are often used when the curvature is between 25 and 40 degrees and the child is still growing. They don’t correct scoliosis but can prevent its progression.
• Types of Braces: Thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) or Milwaukee brace.

3. Physical Therapy

• Exercises to strengthen core and back muscles can improve posture and reduce pain.
• Techniques like the Schroth Method focus on tailored exercises to stabilize and reduce curvature.

4. Pain Management (For Adults)

• Medications like NSAIDs for pain relief.
• Epidural steroid injections for nerve pain caused by spinal degeneration.

5. Surgery

Surgery is recommended for severe scoliosis (curves over 40–50 degrees) or when symptoms interfere with daily life.

• Spinal Fusion: The most common procedure where vertebrae are fused to correct alignment.
• Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT): A minimally invasive option for flexible curves, allowing some movement post-surgery.

Living With Scoliosis: Coping And Management

1. Stay Active: Regular low-impact exercises like swimming or yoga help maintain flexibility and reduce stiffness.
2. Ergonomic Adjustments: Ensure proper posture with supportive chairs and standing desks.
3. Emotional Support: Joining scoliosis support groups can help with coping, especially for adolescents.
4. Follow-Up Care: Regular check-ups are vital to monitor progression and effectiveness of treatment.

Complications Of Untreated Scoliosis

Without proper management, scoliosis can lead to:

• Chronic Pain: Persistent discomfort due to muscle strain and nerve compression.
• Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal in adults.
• Heart and Lung Problems: In severe cases, spinal curvature can compress these organs.
• Reduced Quality of Life: Mobility issues and self-consciousness about appearance can impact daily activities and mental health.

Scoliosis in Children vs. Adults

Key Differences:

1.Cause:

• Children: Mostly idiopathic or congenital.
• Adults: Degenerative or long-standing untreated scoliosis.

Progression:

• Children: Higher risk of progression due to growth spurts
• Adults: Progression is slower but influenced by aging and wear-and-tear.

Symptoms:

• Children: Often painless with visible deformities.
• Adults: Pain and reduced mobility are common.

Treatment:

• Children: Focus on bracing and monitoring.
• Adults: Pain management, physical therapy, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing Scoliosis

While idiopathic scoliosis cannot be prevented, maintaining spinal health can minimize degenerative changes in adults:

• Exercise Regularly: Strengthen core and back muscles.
• Maintain Bone Health: Consume calcium and vitamin D.
• Avoid Smoking: It weakens bones and accelerates degeneration.
• Adopt Proper Posture: Use supportive furniture and avoid prolonged slouching.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Contact a healthcare provider if you or your child exhibit:

• Visible spinal deformity.
• Persistent back pain.
• Difficulty breathing or standing upright.

Early intervention is key to preventing complications and improving outcomes.

Why Choose Lokmanya Hospital For Scoliosis? 

At Lokmanya Hospital, we provide expert care for scoliosis in both children and adults, offering accurate diagnoses through advanced imaging techniques. Our experienced specialists create personalized treatment plans, ranging from bracing and physical therapy to pain management and surgery. We focus on improving quality of life with a holistic approach that includes lifestyle guidance and regular monitoring. Trust Lokmanya Hospital for comprehensive and compassionate scoliosis care.

Conclusion

Scoliosis is a complex condition that requires a tailored approach for effective management. Whether in children or adults, recognizing the symptoms and seeking timely treatment can help reduce complications and improve quality of life. By combining medical intervention, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes, those with scoliosis can lead active and fulfilling lives.
For expert diagnosis and personalized treatment plans, consult with a specialized spine care provider. Early diagnosis and consistent monitoring are the cornerstones of successful scoliosis management.

FAQ’s

1. Can scoliosis be hereditary?
Yes, scoliosis can run in families. If a parent or sibling has scoliosis, there may be an increased risk of developing the condition, particularly in children. However, most cases of scoliosis, especially in adolescents, are idiopathic, meaning they have no known cause.
2. Is scoliosis painful?
Not everyone with scoliosis experiences pain. However, as the curvature of the spine becomes more severe, it can cause discomfort and pain, especially in the back, neck, and ribs. In severe cases, pain can become chronic.
3. Can scoliosis affect my daily life?
In severe cases, scoliosis can lead to limited mobility, difficulty with daily activities like standing or walking, and fatigue. It may also impact your appearance and self-esteem due to visible spinal deformities.
4. What is the best age to treat scoliosis?
The best time to treat scoliosis is when the condition is first detected, typically during childhood or adolescence, as the spine is still growing. Early intervention can help prevent the curvature from worsening. Treatment for adults is usually aimed at managing pain and preventing further progression.
5. Can scoliosis be cured?
While scoliosis cannot be "cured," treatment can significantly reduce the curve or manage the symptoms. For mild cases, observation and bracing are often effective, while more severe cases may require surgery.